Biodiversity is the variety of life on Earth. It includes not only different species of plants, animals and microbes but also their ecosystems and habitats. It’s the raw material for natural benefits we depend on, from fresh water to food security and climate resilience.
Ecosystems with high biodiversity are more resilient to disturbance, including disease and disaster. For example, a crop that is heavily dependent on pollination by wild flowers can benefit from the diversity of plant species that are native to that region. And biodiversity provides the raw materials we need to survive—from wood, fibers, perfumes and lubricants to pharmaceuticals like antibiotics and painkillers, which are derived from plants and other organisms.
Genetic diversity—the variation of genes among and within a species—also contributes to biological diversity. It’s what gives rise to a range of physical traits, including skin color, blond and brown hair, green eyes, or whether you are a tall or short person. These differences are known as phenotypes.
In addition to the economic and environmental benefits, biodiversity contributes to our sense of well-being. The sight of a majestic bald eagle soaring over a canyon or the sound of ocean waves lapping the beach can give us a sense of peace and belonging. Moreover, 231 species of plants and animals serve as national symbols in 142 countries and are integral to religious, cultural or national identities.
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