About a half-million earthquakes shake the Earth every day. Most are too small or deep to feel, but a few generate enough energy to cause shaking felt over a large area. Earthquakes are caused when two blocks of the Earth slip past one another – the spot where they slip is called the fault. The point on the surface of the Earth directly above the fault is called the epicenter. The vibrations that result are known as seismic waves.
When these waves move through the ground, they create a pattern of up and down called an oscillation. The longer the oscillation lasts, the stronger the earthquake. The movement of the plates also causes rocks and soil to shift slightly. This produces a wave of heat that can melt and crack the rock. When the heat is intense, the rocks can break apart and release a sudden flow of magma.
The energy released by the earthquake can be felt over a wide area and even across oceans. Earthquakes can occur anywhere on the planet, but most major ones happen in three large zones around the globe.
The best way to protect yourself and others is to prepare. Learn about the types of earthquakes you might expect in your region, and make a plan for where to go, what to do, and how to communicate with family members. Consider establishing a contact outside the affected area where people can check in, and identifying safe meeting places where everyone can gather after an earthquake.
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